Methods of Education in Three Views of Islamic Scientists

Education is an important factor that determines human life. Through education, people can improve their quality of life. Progress achieved in the time of the Caliphate of Islamic civilization could not be separated from the success of education. In those days, the cities of Islam has been transformed into an educational center and a highly advanced civilization.
In the medieval Muslim scientists and scholars have developed methods of education or learning is excellent. The method was developed for the students could understand and absorb knowledge that is taught in the madrassas with ease.
Here are three methods of education that was sparked three terpadang Muslim intellectuals in the age of the Caliphate. They are the Ibn Sina, Ibn Khaldun and Al-Ghazali. Then how ideas and their thinking about a good education and ideal for the Islamic world?

Ibn Sina (980 -1037)

Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn' Abdullah ibn Sina is not only known as a legendary doctor. Ibn Sina also devoted his ideas about education. According to Ibn Sina, education or learning that involves all aspects of human beings, ranging from the physical, metal and morally.
Education''must not ignore the physical development and anything that has an influence on physical development such as sports, food, drink, sleep, and cleanliness,''said Ibn Sina,
In the view of Ibn Sina, education not only pay attention to the moral aspect, but also form a complete individual, including, soul, mind and character. According to him, education is very important given to children to prepare themselves for adulthood.
Ibn Sina said, one must have a certain profession and should be able to contribute to society. Ibn Sina said that education should be provided in stages based on age.
- The new birth through age two years
In the view of Ibn Sina, education should be done early, since the person was born into the earth. Education for newborn babies, he said, could be given through various phases of activity such as caring for a baby to sleep, bathing, feeding, and provide mild exercises for the baby.
According to him, the baby should be put to sleep in the room where the temperature cool, not too cold and too hot. Baby sleeping space must also be a dim, not too bright. According to him, the mother must bathe the baby more than once a day, she also had breast-feeding her own child, and determine the dose required nursing infant.
When the baby already has teeth, then start by eating foods introduced new, more powerful than mother's milk. Babies can eat bread dipped in water, milk, and honey. Then the food is given to the baby in small amounts and gradually weaned him. Because cessation of breastfeeding can not be done drastically.

- Childhood
According to Ibn Sina's, childhood is a time of formation of physical, mental, and moral. Therefore there are three things to note: First, children should be kept away from the influence of violence that could affect the mental and moral. Second, for the development of the body and movement, children must be awakened from sleep.
Third, children are not allowed to drink immediately after eating, because it will go without food to digest first. Fourth, the development of taste and behavior of children need to be addressed.
Ibn Sina think the kids have to listen to music, so when you are asleep in their swings with the sound of music. This will prepare children to learn music, then he would be interested to learn the simple poetry and eventually made him appreciate the values ​​of truth.

- The Education
At this time, the children are aged between 6 to 14 years. At this time, children must learn the principles of Islamic culture from the Koran, Arabic poetry, calligraphy, as well as Islamic leaders.
According to Ibn Sina, education in this period must be done in groups, not individuals. So that students do not feel bored. In addition, they can learn about the meaning of friendship.

- The age of 14 years and over
In adolescence, they are prepared to learn certain types of lessons that have special expertise. In addition, they must learn the lessons that match their talents. They also should not be forced to learn and work in the field that they want and they do not understand. But the basic lesson to be given to them.

Ibn Sina considers education to children and adolescents should be granted because education has a close relationship between economic and social needs. Most importantly, every student must become an expert in a particular field who will support his work in the future.

* Ibn Khaldun (1332/732H, - 1406/808H)

Ibn Khaldun is known as a leading historian. Through the book he wrote Almuqadimmah, Ibn Khaldun was one of the legendary Muslim intellectuals of all time. In addition to contributing to the field of history, politics and economics, Ibn Khaldun was to devote his mind in the field of education.

His thinking in education stems from a presentation science encyclopedia. This is a way to open up a theory of knowledge and general presentation of social history and epitomologi based on the development of science.

According to Ibn Khaldun, classifying science knowledge into two kinds, namely, rational knowledge and traditional knowledge. Rational knowledge is knowledge gained from the good that comes from thinking that natural.

While traditional knowledge is the knowledge that the subject, methods, and results, as well as historical developments built by the authority or person in charge.

According to him, when a child is born, then the baby does not have knowledge. Baby''is like a raw material which must be of good content in order to become useful adults later in life,''said Ibn Khaldun.

Ibn Khaldun said, everyone gets the science through the organs of the body given by God. ''We are learning to use eyes, ears, mouth, feet and hands. All the organs that sustain us in the learning process in order to get knowledge,''he said.

Ibn Khaldun also share knowledge based on the level of thought, namely: the practical knowledge which is the result of understanding intelligence. So that makes us able to do anything in the world in an order.

Knowledge of what we should do and what not to do. This relates to what is good and what is bad. The values ​​of goodness and badness can be obtained from empirical intelligence and can be applied to guide us when dealing with others.

According to him, taught that science is very important, because science will be more easily obtained by humans with the help of teachers and teaching.

Education Method Ala Al-Ghazali

Al Ghazali gives a great attention to place Islamic thought in education. According to him, the whole method of education must hold fast to the Islamic Shari'a.
According to him, the goal is to achieve happiness with a man closer to God. In other words, various kinds of human beings to gain wealth, social power, science, merely an illusion if it only related and aimed at the achievement of the mortal world.
According to him, the baby was born in a state of clear, then grow into children who need a personality, character, and behavior while living and interacting with the environment. Families teach children about language, customs, religious traditions, and all the influence of these teachings may not disappear until they mature.
Therefore, the most responsible for bad or good education a child is their parents. Parents are partners in educating their children and the teachers have to share them with such children.
Al-Ghazali stresses the importance of character formation. By giving the characters a good education so parents have helped her children to live according to the straight path. However, poor education will make children's character to be not good and narrow-minded so it is difficult to bring them towards the right path again.
Therefore, children should learn in elementary school so that knowledge gained from a young age will be attached to strong like carving in stone. In addition, children also must be convinced that they must always develop knowledge gained.
The children continue to grow, in their teens they will feel attracted to the opposite sex, then at the age of 20 years, they yearn to be a leader, and at the age of 40 years people need closeness and pleasure to the knowledge of his Lord.
In childhood, parents must teach them the Koran and Hadith sciences. In addition, they must be kept from the love poems. For these things, he said, could be a bad seed for the soul of a boy.
They also must be taught to obey the advice of parents, desert, and people who are older. In addition they also must be taught to people who are honest, modest, generous, and civilized. In addition, children should have a moral good friends, good character, intelligent, and honest.